TRACERS meatball logo is circular image with the two TRACERS satellites above Earth. Magnetic field lines from the Sun and Earth are shown, with a star burst where they connect. Around the outside of the circular logo are the words Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites, University of Iowa, and NASA. TRACERS, in large text, spans the bottom of the logo.

A satellite mission led by the University of Iowa to study the mysterious, powerful interactions between the magnetic fields of the Sun and Earth.

 

TRACERS (Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites), consisting of two identical satellites that will orbit Earth in tandem (one following the other), will help answer long-standing questions key to understanding space weather, particularly how the Sun transfers energy, mass, and momentum to near-Earth space.

 

 

 

A graphic visualization of the solar wind, shown in yellows and oranges, running up against the Earth's magnetosphere. Earth's magnetic field lines are shown, with the bow shock emphasized.
Credit: NASA

 

Important terms and concepts related to TRACERS science

The Magnetosphere

is the region of space around the Earth that is influenced by its magnetic field. The magnetosphere is shaped by the interaction between the Earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind, a stream of charged particles (ions and electrons) emitted by the Sun. 

The Cusp

is a funnel-shaped region of the magnetosphere located near the north and south poles. It is an important area for studying energy transfer and particle acceleration processes.

The Magnetopause

is the boundary between the Earth’s magnetosphere and the solar wind.  

Magnetopause Reconnection

occurs when the magnetic fields of the Earth and the solar wind interact and reconnect, allowing the transfer of energy between the two regions. This process plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the magnetosphere and is believed to be responsible for various phenomena, including the auroras. 

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Reconnection

can arise due to the ever-changing nature of the Sun, which leads to changes in the solar wind. Variances in the solar wind then impact the dynamic behavior of the magnetosphere. We know reconnection occurs, but we are not yet sure in what ways it changes.

  • Spatial variations refer to changes in magnetopause reconnection that occur across different locations.

  • Temporal variations, on the other hand, pertain to changes in reconnection that happen over time.

 

A simplified graphic of the Earth's magnetosphere and magnetic field lines, with labels indicating the solar wind, polar cusp, and magnetopause
Credit: NASA

 

Why study space weather? 

The solar wind, a stream of charged particles from the Sun that carries the Sun's magnetic field with it, interacts with Earth’s magnetic field, causing “space weather”.

When a solar flare (coronal mass ejection or CME) sends charged particles from the Sun to Earth, some of those charged particles interact with the local plasma within the Earth's magnetosphere. This cascading transfer of energy causes things like the northern and southern lights (auroras). Sometimes, especially due to larger CMEs, these events cause problems with our electrical infrastructure. 

There is evidence of CMEs in the past that would be catastrophic to our current communications and guidance systems. A major reason NASA and the University of Iowa aim to better understand the physical processes that underlie space weather is to protect humanity from such events in the future. 

 

How will TRACERS help us understand the physics behind space weather? 

First, the instruments chosen for this mission allow us to study the local plasma involved in magnetospheric reconnection. The instruments' measurements 'diagnose' the plasma in terms of particles (electrons and ions), electric and magnetic fields, and electric and magnetic waves.

  • ACE: Analyzer for Cusp Electrons
  • ACI: Analyzer for Cusp Ions
  • EFI: Electric Field Instrument
  • MAG: Fluxgate Magnetometer
  • MSC: Magnetic Search Coil
  • MAGIC: MAGnetometers for Innovation and Capability

 

The cusp region of the magnetosphere is special because it acts as a sort-of funnel, focusing particles and waves down to a small region. We know that when reconnection occurs, we can see energized particles come down into the atmosphere. And, depending on how they travel, the particles map to different regions in the magnetosphere. This means TRACERS can help us study vast areas of near-Earth space by focusing on one small area, the cusp.

One of the most important aspects of the TRACERS mission is the fact that it includes two satellites orbiting in tandem, allowing for multiple 'snapshots' of the funnel-shaped cusp very close to one another that researchers can use for comparison. This is crucial because much of the science done in this area of space physics has relied on measurements taken by one spacecraft at a time. So, while past research has been very helpful in identifying that magnetic reconnection does occur, there are long-standing questions remaining about the reconnection process itself, including: Does reconnection turn off and on in time or does it happen in multiple places at the same time? TRACERS will allow us to fill in these and other related questions.

Over the years, researchers have also used sounding rockets to study the cusp. These missions entail placing instruments on rockets that fly on one trip into the cusp. TRICE-II, a sounding rocket mission, was in many ways the proof of concept for TRACERS. Two rockets were sent into the cusp at about the same separation that the two TRACERS satellites will follow (10-120 seconds), and they provided promising data. However, this was just one trip into the cusp after several years of work to build the rocket and instruments. The two TRACERS spacecraft will follow a relatively low orbit (~550km) that will take the two satellites through the cusp a few times each day, more than 3,000 times in the first year. Since previous related studies relied on data from just one trip into the cusp at a time or from just one spacecraft in orbit, TRACERS will provide much more data under a range of geophysical conditions than has yet been possible.

 

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